Jakt på val kan ha inletts redan på 500-talet
13 June 2018
En spelbricka i valben från slutet av 500-talet hittad i Gnistahögen utanför Uppsala. Höger: Spelbrickans benstruktur jämförs med referensben från Vikval.
Den storskaliga jakt på val som lett fram till att många arter idag är utrotningshotade kan vara flera hundra år äldre än vad som tidigare antagits, menar en grupp arkeologer från Uppsala och York.
I museernas samlingar finns tusentals spelpjäser från järnåldern. Nya studier av råmaterialet i dessa visar att de flesta gjordes av valben från mitten av 500-talet. De tillverkades i stora volymer och standardiserade former. Därför tror forskarna att det behövdes en regelbunden tillgång på råmaterial. Eftersom tillverkarna sannolikt inte kunde förlita sig på strandade valar tolkas spelbrickorna som ett tecken på valjakt.
Förutom en osteologisk bedömning har ett litet antal spelpjäser artbestämts med hjälp av metoden ZooMS, Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometer. Metoden visar att allade analyserade spelpjäser härstammar från nordkapare (Eubalaena glacialis). Det är en stor val som vägt mellan 50-80 ton. På engelska kallas den Right Whale eftersom det var den rätta valen att jaga. Den simmade långsamt nära kusterna och innehöll så mycket späck att den flöt när den dödats.
Spelpjäserna av valben dyker upp vid samma tid som produktionsanläggningar för tran och stora båthus ökar kraftigt i norra Norge. Sannolikt har spelbrickorna tillverkats i detta område för vidare transport söderut för att till slut användas som gravgåvor i Sverige.
Den storskaliga valjaktens ursprung har länge varit höljt i dunkel. Skriftliga källor i Europa omtalar storskalig valjakt under perioder som motsvarar skandinavisk vikingatid. Även berättelser från 800-talet om den norske handelsmannen Ottar omnämner omfattande jakt på stora valar, men dessa uppgifter har länge varit omdiskuterade.
Spelbrickorna indikerar inte bara tidig valjakt. För arkeologerna är de en viktig beståndsdel i forskningen kring tidiga, vidsträckta handelsnätverk som var väl fungerande flera hundra år före vikingatidens stadsbildning. Den nya studien, tillsammans med ett flertal andra arkeologiska studier under de senaste åren, visar på en alltmer påtaglig exploatering av havens resurser liksom norra Skandinaviens inland. I en kompletterande fördjupningsstudie kommer resultaten även att användas för att studera människans påverkan på de marina ekosystemen i relation till valarnas populationsutveckling eftersom starten för en storskalig valjakt flyttas bakåt i tiden.
Resultaten presenteras i European Journal of Archaeology:
Andreas Hennius, Rudolf Gustavsson, John Ljungkvist and Luke Spindler (2018) Whalebone Gaming Pieces: Aspects of Marine Mammal Exploitation in Vendel and Viking Age Scandinavia, European Journal of Archaeology, https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2018.15 (Open access)
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